Software Engineer: What is it? Skills, and How to Become One

As of 2025, an average software engineer earns about $123,052; with senior engineers earning about $200,000 annually. Software Engineering happens to be one of the most in demand skills today, because technology drives the world and software engineers makes it happen.

​According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), overall employment of software developers, quality assurance analysts, and testers is projected to grow 17 percent from 2023 to 2033, much faster than the average for all occupations. ​

In this article, we will tell you all you need to know about software engineering, all you need to start on this career path, and how to navigate this career path as a beginner. Lock In!

Key Takeaways

• Software engineering is a highly sought-after career with an average salary of $123,052, and senior engineers earning around $200,000 annually.
• It involves designing, creating, and maintaining software applications, including apps, and games.
• There are various specializations like front-end, back-end, full-stack, mobile, DevOps, security, and AI engineers.
• To become a software engineer, you typically need a computer science degree, knowledge of programming languages, and practical experience through coding bootcamps or freelancing.
• Key skills include problem-solving, creativity, and technical expertise in programming languages, data structures, and algorithms.

What is Software Engineering, and What Does a Software Engineer Do?

Software engineering is the branch of Internet Technology responsible for designing, creating, testing and maintaining the software programs we use today around the world. This includes application software, websites, and even game apps. 

Software engineers design and develop games, business applications, operating systems, network control systems, etc., it requires having the knowledge of technical or engineering skills, programming language, including coding skills to create software that can be used to solve real time human problems.

Types of Software Engineers

Software engineering is a broad career that features other specialized career paths. It is so broad that one has to pick a specialized niche, master it, and create a career out of it.

These are the different software engineering fields one can master:

1. Front-End Engineer

A front end engineer works on the front end of the software, the part the users/clients interacts with the most. Their main job here is to perfect the performance of the software such as loading speed, security, ensure the codes are working well, and ensure the overall efficiency of the software before it gets to the end user.

The next time you are using an app or a website, and you can easily navigate through; know that the front end engineer was responsible for this. To become a Front-end engineer, you need to have strong knowledge of programming language and coding skills.

Also know HTML and CSS. Part of your key roles will involve designing, testing, and fully implementing the functionalities of a website or app. 

2. Back-End Engineer

A back end engineer does the background work needed to keep the software running.  They work on the back end that is not visible to the user. They insert the codes in the appropriate places, work on logic and application programming interface.

They do the work needed to support the front end engineer. A Back-end engineer needs strong skills in Programming languages, Managing database(SQL), API’s, testing and debugging, know about GitHub and how to get on it. These are the skills that a back-end engineer needs to do their job.

3. Full Stack Engineers

A full stack engineer is responsible for both the back end and the front end work. They work on the efficiency of the user side and the server side of the software being built.

A full stack engineer is an all rounder, which requires strong skills in programming languages, coding and debugging, designing and implementing, data encryption, and API’s. 

4. Mobile Engineers

Mobile Engineers are responsible for creating and designing mobile software programs. They work with the operating system (Android or iOS). Think of the apps you use on your phones, a mobile engineer is responsible for its functionality and efficiency.

They are also responsible for improving and monitoring phone coverage, testing new phones for reliability before it is released to the end users. A mobile engineer also designs the chips used in smartphones, for example Qualcomm.

They also design the hardware. The mobile engineer’s field mostly deals with smartphones. The skills required in this field include knowledge of Java, coding, and version control. 

5. DevOps Engineers

In the software development cycle the DevOps engineer plays the role of bringing development and operations of a software together. They are the IT professionals that work with the software developers, system operators, and other IT staff to ensure the software is running smoothly.

They have the knowledge of software development, quality assurance, testing, and IT operations to ensure the running smoothly of the entire workforce. 

6. Security Engineers

Security Engineers also known as Cyber Security Engineers designs and maintain the security of the software being developed. Their main job is to protect the application software from external or internal threats, hackers, security breaches, network and data hijack, and generally ensure software safety.

Security Engineers have strong knowledge of Operating systems such as Windows, Linux. Knowledge of security protocols such as SSL or SSH. As well as understanding cloud platforms and how they work. 

7. Data Engineers

A Data Engineer prepares the data or database needed for analysis. They build and design systems for collecting, storing, and analyzing data. Data that will be relevant as information to drive decisions. They make data accessible for organizations that will need it for analysis and decision making.

A Data Engineer has to gain knowledge in database systems, data modelling systems, and how to work with big data. 

8. Machine Learning (ML) Engineers

Machine Learning engineers design and maintain software systems that enable machine learning models to operate in a real world. They develop the tools needed to scale and optimize machine learning processes.

Machine Language Models do not speak human language, the Machine Learning engineer optimizes it for human interaction by training it on data sets needed to perform this task.

A Machine Learning engineer needs to have strong mathematical and statistical knowledge because that is the language the machine understands. As well as knowledge of Machine Learning algorithms.

9. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Engineers

An AI engineer is a professional who programs AI models to think like humans. They develop AI applications that are used to solve real human problems. The ChatGPT, Deep Seek AI and other AI models we use today were designed and developed by AI engineers. An AI engineer needs skills in programming languages, Machine learning and Neural networks, as well as mathematical knowledge. 

10. Prompt Engineer

Prompt engineering is an emerging field that requires designing, creating, and testing prompts so that an AI model can deliver the desired results. For an AI model to deliver outputs, it needs prompts. And its result depends on the prompts it is given. A good prompt will deliver good results, a bad prompt will deliver bad results.

To be a prompt engineer, one needs knowledge of Machine learning, language processing, and creative writing skills to write good prompts and reduce the possibility of AI hallucinations. 

11. Cloud Engineers

A cloud Engineer is responsible for building and making cloud based infrastructure and apps. The Google Cloud, AWS, Azure, and other cloud based software can do the work they do because a cloud engineer has worked on it to be efficient and secure. A cloud engineer needs  to be proficient with cloud platforms such as AWS, Azure, Google Clod, etc. Programming skills, and understanding of Network concepts. 

12. Blockchain Engineers

Block chain engineers are responsible for creating and implementing digital applications in the blockchain. They are the architecture behind the decentralized apps used on the Blockchain network and security. A Blockchain engineer needs to have knowledge in Crypto and Blockchain technology, Data analysis and structures, web development, and as well as coding skills. 

13. Embedded Systems Engineers

These engineers play the role of combining hardware and software to be designed for specific functions. They write the code used to get both the software and hardware running. An embedded systems engineers needs to have full knowledge of both hardware and software packages, to be able to ensure optimal performance. 

14. Web Application Security Engineers (WASE)

These engineers are also security engineers focusing on protecting Web Applications from threats and attacks. They design and implement the security measures to keep the Web applications safe; from the development stage to the deployment stage.

They do not just identify security risks but come up with the security measures to avert the risks. A WASE engineer needs to know about security tools, master programming languages, and be up to date with software security trends.

15. Quality Assurance (QA) Engineers

QA engineers are responsible for testing a software to ensure it meets quality requirements. They ensure software is of high quality and that software works efficiently with no bugs or glitch.

They do this by overseeing the software through the design and development process and they test for quality before release. A QA engineer needs to have knowledge of testing tools, and methodologies, and be up to date with the required standards to make premium software programs. 

16. Site Reliability Engineers (SREs)

A Site Reliability Engineer uses software tools to automate infrastructures like system software or monitor applications. The job ensures the stability and reliability of the software before it’s been released to the end users.

Their work is important because software maintenance might tamper with the reliability of the software. Must have skills for Site Reliability Engineers include skills in coding, operating systems and algorithms, and know about product monitoring systems.

17. User Experience (UX)/ User Interface (UI) Engineers

A user experience/User Interface engineer designs digital apps and websites. They design mostly the part of the app or website that the user interacts with. The user interface engineer focuses on visual appeal this includes; designing the buttons, and interface of the app or website like ensuring the buttons are easy to find.

The user experience engineer on the other hand ensures that the user can use the app or website efficiently and achieve their goals without any problems. For example ensuring that the app loads quickly.

The UI engineer focuses on the look and feel of the software the UX engineer ensures that the software works as it should. Both fields are usually handled together, and one will have to know how to code, and have basic design knowledge. Also research skills comes in handy, because a UI/UX engineer has to be updated about what the client or users like in an application or website. 

18. Games Developers

Game developer is the branch of engineering that is responsible for designing, building and implementing game apps especially video games. They have to be equipped with technical and creative skills required to build game apps. 

19. Robotics Engineers

Robotics engineering is the field of building and designing robotic and Robotics systems. They design, build, and operate the robots needed to work in different fields such as engineering, manufacturing, agriculture, and some other fields that require robots to make work easier.

20. Internet of Things (IoT) Engineers

IoT engineers specialize in the design, developing and operation of Internet of Things software solutions. They create devices that act on data to function. They integrate the physical world with the digital realm by working with hardware tools and software systems to  build digital products efficiently in solving real problems.

21. Software Architects

A software architect is a senior level software developer who oversees software development projects, makes recommendations for the right software systems to use, and enforces coding standards. Such a person has advanced skills and expertise in software development to pull off this role, and must have worked on a lot of projects to gain the experience needed to work as a software architect. 

How to Become a Software Engineer

A Software engineer roadmap not set in stone, and sometimes confusing to navigate; but here are sure things you need to do to get started: 

1. Get a Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science (CS)

To start off your career in software engineering, you need to have a degree in Computer Science. Most recruiters prefer if you already have a degree to back up your skills.

The benefits of getting a degree in Computer Science is that it offers you a strong background in learning about software and designs, equips you with coding skills, increases your job prospects, and while studying computer science, you can delve into getting relevant skills and volunteering for real life projects.

Getting a computer science degree gets you a head start in software engineering, and gives you the relevant knowledge and experience you need to excel in your job. It will be easy to convince people you are a software engineer with that degree, however without the degree you can still learn the relevant skills and make headway in your career.  

There are some top schools that you can get a Bachelor’s degree globally. They include:

• Harvard University
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
• Stanford University
• University of Washington
• Carnegie Mellon University
• University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley)
• California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
• University of Texas at Austin
• University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

However, getting your degree does not have to be from top schools as this. What is more important is that you are learning the skills needed for the job, and not just a fancy degree.

N/B: You can become a successful software engineer without a degree by focusing on self-learning, gaining practical experience, and earning certifications.

Many successful software engineers have built their careers by learning programming languages through bootcamps, online courses, and working on projects.

The key is to develop the right skills, build a strong portfolio, and demonstrate your abilities to potential employers.

2. Master Programming Languages & Required Skills

Most of the jobs you will do as a Software Engineer will require you to know programming language and coding. Programming Languages you need to learn are Python, Java, C++, C#, and other relevant programming languages.

Understanding of basic logic such as Boolean. Knowledge of operating systems, algebra knowledge, code debugging, are all relevant skills you need to master as a software engineer. 

3. Learn Data Structures and Algorithms

way of processing data. Data can be stored in different structures but you need to know how to tweak and manipulate these structures to create software. Learning these skills will help you write codes that are efficient thereby improving your programming abilities which will be needed to make headways as a software engineer. 

4. Take Software Engineering Courses Online

In addition to getting a degree, you need to take professional software engineering courses online. Verified programs like Coursera, Udemy, W3Schools, Data Camp, and even YouTube offer solid software engineering courses to help you learn and sharpen the skills you need as a Software Engineer. 

5. Join Coding Bootcamps

Bootcamps are short and intensive training techies get into. Bootcamps help you practice your skills, learn more and deepen your knowledge, and connect with other people in the same field as you.

Bootcamps are different from courses because courses are flexible but bootcamps are very intensive training. Some bootcamps you can join include; General Assembly, SpringBoard, DevMountain, Coding Bootcamp, and other relevant boot camps offered globally.

Bootcamps offer you many benefits such as:

• Intensive training.
• Hands-on practical sessions.
• Access to relevant tools needed to sharpen your skills.
• Participate in group sessions and presentations.
• Network with fellow software engineers both junior level and senior level engineers.
• Offers you coaching sessions.

Also, engaging in Boot camps equips you with the discipline you need to learn than if you are self learning. And the learning period will be faster than if you were learning all by yourself. Bootcamps will give you an edge, and as a budding software engineer, investing in boot camps will help your career growth.

6.  Choose an Area of Specialization

As discussed earlier, there are different fields of specialization you can take on as a budding software engineer, and each area is very important in the grand scheme of things. You need to pick one that aligns with your interest, get the skills and knowledge required, and start bidding for jobs.

Some of the most in-demand areas include:

• Cloud engineering
• Full-stack development
• Data engineering
• Cybersecurity
• Machine learning and AI

7. Get Practical Experience

It does not just end with getting a degree or taking multiple courses; You also need practical experience.  This can be obtained by working on real life projects or even personal projects. When starting out, you can volunteer or intern for free.

The goal is to gain experience and learn while doing the job in real life scenarios. While starting out, money should not be the main focus but focus on getting the relevant skills and experience.  

You can also freelance by bidding for jobs on LinkedIn,  Upwork, Fiverr, Indeed, Working nomads, and many other job platforms where you can freelance from. 

8. Get Certifications & Advanced Learning

As they say, learning never ends. You need to continue updating your knowledge in your chosen field. You should not relent in upskilling and taking advanced courses in order to scale up in your field as a Software Engineer. Also, getting a certification is important; as it will enhance you skills and increase your job prospects.

Some of the best certifications for software engineers include:

• Microsoft Certified: Azure Developer Associate
• AWS Certified Solutions Architect
• Certified Kubernetes Administrator
• Google Cloud Professional Cloud Developer
• Certified ScrumMaster (CSM)
• Oracle Certified Java Programmer

9. Land your first job as a Software Engineer

In order to land your first job as a Software Engineer, you need to be prepared. You have to prepare your resume, portfolio, as well as a cover letter. In addition, you need to prepare yourself for interviews.

• Prepare you Resume: A piece of document (1-2pages), summarizing your professional qualifications. Your resume should highlight your educational background, skills, work experience, or projects you have worked on in the course of your career. Keep a Resume handy when applying for a job, and always remember to tweak your resume to fit each job you are applying for.
• Get a Portfolio: A Portfolio is a collection of projects you have worked on. While your resume says you have done something, A Portfolio shows what you have done, how you did it, and what was the results of what you did. A potential employer needs to see concrete example of what you can do beyond what you say in your resume. Your portfolio should consist of samples of your work, it is a practical way to show your skills to a potential employer.
• Apply for a Software Engineer Job: Next thing you want to do when searching for a job is get on LinkedIn, one of the social networks where you can connect with potential employers and pitch yourself to them.
• Master the Art of Nailing Interviews: One way to do this is to see interviews as a way to pitch yourself to potential employers. You will be asked questions about your skillsets and experience, you must be ready to defend your skills and tell the interview how your skills and experience aligns with their interest. Remember to stay confident while selling yourself; employers love to see confidence.

Essential Skills Every Software Engineer Needs

As a software engineer you need both technical and soft skills, technical skills include:

• Knowledge of programming language like JavaScript, Python, C++, C#, etc.
• Knowledge of different Operating Systems.
• Knowledge of Data structures and Algorithms.
• SQL
• Database Administration
• Debugging
• Software Frameworks
• Encryption.

Soft Skills Every Software Engineer Needs

Not just technical skills, but soft skills are also required to excel in a software engineering career, skills such as:

• Problem solving
• Creativity
• Quick Learner
• Time management
• Communication
• Team Player
• Adaptability
• Self Motivation. 

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